[Clinical and genetic analysis of a patient with short stature due to variant of RPL13 gene].

OBJECTIVE: To analyze the clinical phenotype and genetic characteristics of a patient with Isidor-Toutain spinal epiphyseal dysplasia (SEMD) due to variant of RPL13 gene. METHODS: A pregnant woman at 18 weeks of gestation who had presented at Quzhou Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital on January 14, 2023 was selected as the study subject. Whole exome sequencing (WES) was carried out for the patient, and candidate variant was validated by Sanger sequencing and bioinformatic analysis. RESULTS: The woman was 37 years old with extremely short stature (135 cm) and "O" shaped legs. WES revealed that she has harbored a c.548G>C (p.Arg183Pro) missense variant of the RPL13 gene (NM_000977.4). The same variant was not found in her fetus. Based on the guidelines from the American College of Medical Genetics and Genomics (ACMG), the variant was predicted to be likely pathogenic (PS4+PM2_Supporting+PP3+PP4). CONCLUSION: Isidor-Toutain type SEMD due to variants of the RPL13 gene may have variable expressivity and diverse clinical phenotypes. Above finding has facilitated the differential diagnosis and genetic counseling for this family.

[Analysis of a child with SPONASTRIME dysplasia due to compound heterozygous variants of TONSL gene].

OBJECTIVE: To explore the clinical features and genetic etiology of a child with SPONASTRIME dysplasia (SD). METHODS: A 9-month-old female who had presented at the Linyi People's Hospital in August 2022 for short stature was selected as the study subject. Clinical data of the child were collected, and whole exome sequencing (WES) was carried out. Sanger sequencing was used for validating the candidate variants. RESULTS: The child has manifested short stature, mid-face hypoplasia, joint laxity, internal knee rotation, irregularities in the metaphysis of long bones, and flat and concave lumbar vertebrae. WES revealed that she has harbored compound heterozygous variants of the TONSL gene, namely c.3088G>T (p.Glu1030*) and c.3053G>A (p.Arg1018His), which were inherited from her phenotypically normal parents. Neither variant was reported previously. Based on the guidelines from the American College of Medical Genetics and Genomics (ACMG), the c.3088G>T variant was classified as likely pathogenic (PVS1+PM2_Supporting), whilst the c.3053G>A was classified as a variant of uncertain significance (PM2_Supporting+PM3+PP3). CONCLUSION: The c.3088G>T and c.3053G>A compound heterozygous variants of the TONSL gene probably underlay the pathogenesis in this patient. Above finding has facilitated the clinical diagnosis and genetic counseling for her family.

Unravelling the Intricate Roles of FAM111A and FAM111B: From Protease-Mediated Cellular Processes to Disease Implications.

Proteases are critical enzymes in cellular processes which regulate intricate events like cellular proliferation, differentiation and apoptosis. This review highlights the multifaceted roles of the serine proteases FAM111A and FAM111B, exploring their impact on cellular functions and diseases. FAM111A is implicated in DNA replication and replication fork protection, thereby maintaining genome integrity. Additionally, FAM111A functions as an antiviral factor against DNA and RNA viruses. Apart from being involved in DNA repair, FAM111B, a paralog of FAM111A, participates in cell cycle regulation and apoptosis. It influences the apoptotic pathway by upregulating anti-apoptotic proteins and modulating cell cycle-related proteins. Furthermore, FAM111B's association with nucleoporins suggests its involvement in nucleo-cytoplasmic trafficking and plays a role in maintaining normal telomere length. FAM111A and FAM111B also exhibit some interconnectedness and functional similarity despite their distinct roles in cellular processes and associated diseases resulting from their dysfunction. FAM111A and FAM111B dysregulation are linked to genetic disorders: Kenny-Caffey Syndrome type 2 and Gracile Bone Dysplasia for FAM111A and POIKTMP, respectively, and cancers. Therefore, the dysregulation of these proteases in diseases emphasizes their potential as diagnostic markers and therapeutic targets. Future research is essential to unravel the intricate mechanisms governing FAM111A and FAM111B and explore their therapeutic implications comprehensively.

RMRP-related short stature: A report of six additional Japanese individuals with cartilage hair hypoplasia and literature review.

Biallelic pathogenic variants in RMRP, the gene encoding the RNA component of RNase mitochondrial RNA processing enzyme complex, have been reported in individuals with cartilage hair hypoplasia (CHH). CHH is prevalent in Finnish and Amish populations due to a founder pathogenic variant, n.71A > G. Based on the manifestations in the Finnish and Amish individuals, the hallmarks of CHH are prenatal-onset growth failure, metaphyseal dysplasia, hair hypoplasia, immunodeficiency, and other extraskeletal manifestations. Herein, we report six Japanese individuals with CHH from four families. All probands presented with moderate short stature with mild metaphyseal dysplasia or brachydactyly. One of them had hair hypoplasia and the other immunodeficiency. By contrast, the affected siblings of two families showed only mild short stature. We also reviewed all previously reported 13 Japanese individuals. No n.71A > G allele was detected. The proportions of Japanese versus Finnish individuals were 0% versus 70% for birth length < -2.0 SD, 84% versus 100% for metaphyseal dysplasia and 26% versus 88% for hair hypoplasia. Milder manifestations in the Japanese individuals may be related to the difference of genotypes. The mildest form of CHH phenotypes is mild short stature without overt skeletal alteration or extraskeletal manifestation and can be termed "RMRP-related short stature".

FGD1-related Aarskog-Scott syndrome: Identification of four novel variations and a literature review of clinical and molecular aspects.

Patients with Aarskog-Scott syndrome (AAS) have short stature, facial anomalies, skeletal deformities, and genitourinary malformations. FYVE, RhoGEF, and PH domain-containing 1 (FGD1) is the only known causative gene of AAS. However, the diagnosis of AAS remains difficult, and specific treatments are still absent. Patients suspected with AAS were recruited, and clinical information was collected. Genetic testing and functional analysis were carried out for the diagnosis. By literature review, we summarized the clinical and genetic characteristics of FGD1-related AAS and analyzed the genotype-phenotype correlation. Five patients were recruited, and four novel FGD1 variants were identified. The diagnosis of AAS was confirmed by genetic analysis and functional study. Three patients treated with growth hormone showed improved heights during the follow-up period. By literature review, clinical features of AAS patients with FGD1 variants were summarized. Regarding FGD1 variations, substitutions were the most common form, and among them, missense variants were the most frequent. Moreover, we found patients with drastic variants showed higher incidences of foot and genitourinary malformations. Missense variants in DH domain were related to a lower incidence of cryptorchidism.   Conclusion: We reported four novel pathogenic FGD1 variations in AAS patients and confirmed the efficacy and safety of growth hormone treatment in FGD1-related AAS patients with growth hormone deficiency. Additionally, our literature review suggested the crucial role of DH domain in FGD1 function. What is Known: • Aarskog-Scott syndrome is a rare genetic disease, and the only known cause is the variant in FGD1 gene. The typical clinical manifestations of AAS include facial, skeletal, and urogenital deformities and short stature. What is New: • We reported four novel FGD1 variants and reported the treatment of growth hormone in FGD1-related AAS patients. Our genotype-phenotype correlation analysis suggested the crucial role of DH domain in FGD1 function.

[Analysis of a child with DIGFAN syndrome due to variant of MORC2 gene].

OBJECTIVE: To explore the clinical features and genetic etiology for a child with developmental delay, impaired growth, facial dysmorphism, and axonal neuropathy (DIGFAN). METHODS: A child who was admitted to the Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University on March 22, 2021 was selected the study subject. Clinical data of the child was collected. Following extraction of genomic DNA, the child and his parents were subjected to whole exome sequencing (WES), and candidate variant was verified by Sanger sequencing and bioinformatic analysis. RESULTS: The child, a 10-year-and-9-month-old boy, had manifested with short stature, intellectual disability, delayed speech, motor and language development, and facial dysmorphism. WES and Sanger sequencing revealed that he has harbored a novel de novo c.800T>C (p.Leu267Pro) variant of the MORC2 gene. The Leucine at position 267, which is highly conserved among various species, is located in the S5 domain of ribosome protein in the ATPase binding region of MORC2. And the Leu267Pro may affect the function of MORC2 by altering the spatial conformation and activity of ATPase. Based on the guidelines from the American College of Medical Genetics and Genomics, the c.800T>C variant was classified as likely pathogenic (PS2+PM2_Supporting+PP2+PP3). CONCLUSION: The MORC2: c.800T>C (p.Leu267Pro) variant probably underlay the pathogenesis of DIGFAN syndrome in this child.

[Clinical phenotype and genetic analysis of a child featuring short stature and multiple skeletal dysplasia].

OBJECTIVE: To analyze the clinical phenotype and genetic basis for a child featuring familial short stature. METHODS: A child who was admitted to Huzhou Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital on October 7, 2021 for growth retardation and pectus carinatum was selected as the study subject. Physical exam and medical imaging was performed. The child was subjected to whole exome sequencing, and candidate variants were verified by Sanger sequencing and bioinformatic analysis. RESULTS: The child, a 1-year-old male, had manifested with slightly short stature (Z = -2.03), midfacial dysplasia, and multiple skeletal dysplasia such as pectus carinatum, irregular vertebral morphology, and defect of lumbar anterior bones. His mother, maternal grandmother and great-maternal grandfather also had short stature. WES revealed that the child has harbored a heterozygous c.2858dupA (p.Asp953GlufsTer476) frameshifting variant of the ACAN gene, which was inherited from his mother. Based on the guidelines from the American College of Medical Genetics and Genomics (ACMG), the c.2858dup (p.Sp953Glufster476) variant was classified as likely pathogenic (PVS1+PM2_Supporting). The patient has shown marked improved height after receiving 11 months of treatment with human recombinant growth hormone (supplemental dose) starting from 20 months of age. CONCLUSION: The ACAN: c.2858dup (p.Asp953GlufsTer476) variant probably underlay the pathogenesis of short stature in this child.

Tmem263 deletion disrupts the GH/IGF-1 axis and causes dwarfism and impairs skeletal acquisition.

Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have identified a large number of candidate genes believed to affect longitudinal bone growth and bone mass. One of these candidate genes, TMEM263, encodes a poorly characterized plasma membrane protein. Single nucleotide polymorphisms in TMEM263 are associated with bone mineral density in humans and mutations are associated with dwarfism in chicken and severe skeletal dysplasia in at least one human fetus. Whether this genotype-phenotype relationship is causal, however, remains unclear. Here, we determine whether and how TMEM263 is required for postnatal growth. Deletion of the Tmem263 gene in mice causes severe postnatal growth failure, proportional dwarfism, and impaired skeletal acquisition. Mice lacking Tmem263 show no differences in body weight within the first 2 weeks of postnatal life. However, by P21 there is a dramatic growth deficit due to a disrupted growth hormone (GH)/insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) axis, which is critical for longitudinal bone growth. Tmem263-null mice have low circulating IGF-1 levels and pronounced reductions in bone mass and growth plate length. The low serum IGF-1 in Tmem263-null mice is associated with reduced hepatic GH receptor (GHR) expression and GH-induced JAK2/STAT5 signaling. A deficit in GH signaling dramatically alters GH-regulated genes and feminizes the liver transcriptome of Tmem263-null male mice, with their expression profile resembling wild-type female, hypophysectomized male, and Stat5b-null male mice. Collectively, our data validates the causal role for Tmem263 in regulating postnatal growth and raises the possibility that rare mutations or variants of TMEM263 may potentially cause GH insensitivity and impair linear growth.

SHOX Variations in Idiopathic Short Stature in North India and a Review of Cases from Asian Countries

Objective: Short stature homeobox (SHOX) haploinsufficiency underlies idiopathic short stature (ISS) and Leri-Weill dyschondrosteosis. The worldwide prevalence of SHOX variations in ISS varies from 2.5% to 15.0%. The aim of this study was to assess the implication of SHOX variation in ISS in North Indians and compare this with other cases of SHOX variations from Asian population. Methods: SHOX gene analysis was carried out by multiplex ligation-dependent probe amplification followed by Sanger sequencing in 54 patients with variable phenotypes. Comparison with other reports in a meta-analysis comprising the current study and 11 previous studies (n=979) was performed. Results: SHOX analysis resulted in 12.9% positivity (7.4% deletions and 5.5% duplications). SHOX association was seen significantly related to gender, with predominance in females (p=0.047). Short arms and forearms were the only significantly associated trait seen in 51.9% of children. The overall prevalence of SHOX variation was 15.2% in Asians with ISS. No significant difference was found in geographical region-specific analysis. Conclusion: This study summarises findings from the last decade and provides an updated picture of the prevalence of SHOX variations in Asians, emphasizing their potential as therapeutic targets in ISS patients. Further high quality, large investigations including functional validation is warranted to validate this association.

Weill-Marchesani syndrome: natural history and genotype-phenotype correlations from 18 news cases and review of literature.

BACKGROUND: Weill-Marchesani syndrome (WMS) belongs to the group of acromelic dysplasias, defined by short stature, brachydactyly and joint limitations. WMS is characterised by specific ophthalmological abnormalities, although cardiovascular defects have also been reported. Monoallelic variations in FBN1 are associated with a dominant form of WMS, while biallelic variations in ADAMTS10, ADAMTS17 and LTBP2 are responsible for a recessive form of WMS. OBJECTIVE: Natural history description of WMS and genotype-phenotype correlation establishment. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Retrospective multicentre study and literature review. INCLUSION CRITERIA: clinical diagnosis of WMS with identified pathogenic variants. RESULTS: 61 patients were included: 18 individuals from our cohort and 43 patients from literature. 21 had variants in ADAMTS17, 19 in FBN1, 19 in ADAMTS10 and 2 in LTBP2. All individuals presented with eye anomalies, mainly spherophakia (42/61) and ectopia lentis (39/61). Short stature was present in 73% (from -2.2 to -5.5 SD), 10/61 individuals had valvulopathy. Regarding FBN1 variants, patients with a variant located in transforming growth factor (TGF)-ß-binding protein-like domain 5 (TB5) domain were significantly smaller than patients with FBN1 variant outside TB5 domain (p=0.0040). CONCLUSION: Apart from the ophthalmological findings, which are mandatory for the diagnosis, the phenotype of WMS seems to be more variable than initially described, partially explained by genotype-phenotype correlation.

SOFT syndrome with kohlschutter-Tonz syndrome.

We report a 2.2 year-old-boy, born of consanguineous marriage, referred for short stature, with history of neonatal death and skeletal deformities in his older sibling. Rhizo-mesomelic dwarfism was detected antenatally. Within 24 hours of birth, he developed multiple seizures. Examination revealed severe short stature, dolichocephaly, broad forehead, deep set eyes, low set ears, bulbous nose, small, irregular teeth, pointed chin, and triangular facies. He had rhizomelic shortening, stubby fingers, pes planus, and scanty hair. Neurological evaluation revealed ataxia, hypotonia, and global developmental delay. Skeletal survey radiograph revealed shallow acetabuli, short femurs and humerus, short, broad metacarpals and short cone-shaped phalanges with cupping of phalangeal bases. Clinical exome analysis revealed homozygous mutations involving the POC1A gene and the SLC13A5 gene responsible for SOFT syndrome and Kohlschutter-Tonz syndrome respectively, which were inherited from the parents. Both these syndromes are extremely rare, and their co-occurrence is being reported for the first time.

Growth reference charts for children with hypochondroplasia.

Hypochondroplasia (HCH) is a rare skeletal dysplasia causing mild short stature. There is a paucity of growth reference charts for this population. Anthropometric data were collected to generate height, weight, and head circumference (HC) growth reference charts for children with a diagnosis of HCH. Mixed longitudinal anthropometric data and genetic analysis results were collected from 14 European specialized skeletal dysplasia centers. Growth charts were generated using Generalized Additive Models for Location, Scale, and Shape. Measurements for height (983), weight (896), and HC (389) were collected from 188 (79 female) children with a diagnosis of HCH aged 0-18 years. Of the 84 children who underwent genetic testing, a pathogenic variant in FGFR3 was identified in 92% (77). The data were used to generate growth references for height, weight, and HC, plotted as charts with seven centiles from 2nd to 98th, for ages 0-4 and 0-16 years. HCH-specific growth charts are important in the clinical care of these children. They help to identify if other comorbidities are present that affect growth and development and serve as an important benchmark for any prospective interventional research studies and trials.

Exome Sequencing Identifies Multiple Genetic Diagnoses in Children with Syndromic Growth Disorders.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the presence of multiple genetic diagnoses in syndromic growth disorders. STUDY DESIGN: We carried out a cross-sectional study to evaluate 115 patients with syndromic tall (n = 24) or short stature (n = 91) of unknown cause from a tertiary referral center for growth disorders. Exome sequencing was performed to assess germline single nucleotide, InDel, and copy number variants. All variants were classified according to ACMG/AMP guidelines. The main outcome measured was the frequency of multiple genetic diagnoses in a cohort of children with syndromic growth disorders. RESULTS: The total diagnostic yield of the cohort was 54.8% (63/115). Six patients had multiple genetic diagnoses (tall stature group = 2; short stature group = 4). The proportion of multiple diagnoses within total cases was 5.2% (6/115), and within solved cases was 9.5% (6/63). No characteristics were significantly more frequent when compared with patients with single or multiple genetic findings. Among patients with multiple diagnoses, 3 had syndromes with overlapping clinical features, and the others had syndromes with distinct phenotypes. CONCLUSION: Recognition of multiple genetic diagnoses as a possibility in complex cases of syndromic growth disorders opens a new perspective on treatment and genetic counseling for affected patients, defying the medical common sense of trying to fit all findings into one diagnosis.

Prenatal diagnosis and preimplantation genetics testing of 3M syndrome in a Chinese family with novel biallelic variants of CUL7.

BACKGROUND: 3M syndrome is a rare autosomal recessive developmental disorder characterized by pre and postnatal growth deficiency, dysmorphic facial features, and normal intelligence. 3M syndrome should be suspected in a proband with a combination of characteristic or recognizable dysmorphic features. The diagnosis of 3M syndrome could be confirmed by identifying biallelic variants in CUL7, OBSL1, or CCDC8. METHODS: Whole-exome sequencing (WES) was performed to identify genetic causes. Reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) was performed to detect aberrant splicing events. Haplotypes were constructed using multiplex PCR and sequencing. Variants of the parental haplotype and target likely pathogenic variants were detected by PCR and Sanger sequencing from the embryos. Copy number variant (CNV) detection was performed by next-generation sequencing. RESULTS: We present the case of a nonconsanguineous Chinese couple with one abnormal pregnancy, where the fetus showed 3M phenotypes of shortened long bones. WES identified two novel heterozygous mutations in CUL7: NM_014780.5:c.354del (p.Gln119ArgfsTer52) and NM_014780.5:c.1373-15G>A. RT-PCR from RNA of the mother's peripheral blood leucocytes showed that c.1373-15G>A caused the insertion of a 13-bp extra intron sequence and encoded the mutant p.Leu459ProfsTer25. Both variants were classified as likely pathogenic according to ACMG/AMP guidelines and Clinical Genome Resource specifications. During genetic counseling, the options of prenatal diagnosis through chorionic villus sampling or amniocentesis, adoption, sperm donation, and electing not to reproduce, as well as preimplantation genetic testing for monogenic disorders (PGT-M), were discussed. The couple hopes to conceive a child of their own and refused to accept the 25% risk during the next pregnancy and opted for PGT-M. They finally successfully delivered a healthy baby through PGT-M. CONCLUSION: This study expanded the mutation spectrum of CUL7, detected the aberrant splicing event of CUL7 via RT-PCR, constructed the haplotype for PGT-M, and demonstrated the successful delivery of a healthy baby using PGT-M.

Identification of novel homozygous nonsense SLC10A7 variant causing short stature, amelogenesis imperfecta, and skeletal dysplasia with scoliosis and surgical management of spine.

BACKGROUND: Short stature, amelogenesis imperfecta, and skeletal dysplasia with scoliosis is a rare, autosomal recessive, skeletal disorder first described in 2018. This syndrome starts with pre- and postnatal developmental delay, and gradually presents with variable facial dysmorphisms, a short stature, amelogenesis imperfecta, and progressive skeletal dysplasia affecting the limbs, joints, hands, feet, and spine. CASE PRESENTATION: We identified a homozygous novel nonsense mutation in exon 1 of SLC10A7 (NM_001300842.2: c.100G > T / p.Gly34*) segregating with the typical disease phenotype in a Han Chinese family. We reviewed the 12-year surgical treatment history with seven interventions on spine. CONCLUSION: To date, only 12 cases of the SLC10A7 mutation have been reported, mainly from consanguineous families. Our patient showed a relatively severe and broad clinical phenotype compared with previously reported cases. In this patient, annual check-ups and timely surgeries led to a good outcome.

Causative alleles for chondrodysplastic dwarfism, factor XI deficiency, and factor XIII deficiency in the Kumamoto sub-breed of Japanese Brown cattle.

Japanese Brown cattle are the second most popular Wagyu breed, and the Kumamoto sub-breed shows better daily gain and carcass weight. One of the breeding objectives for this sub-breed is to reduce genetic defects. Chondrodysplastic dwarfism and factor VIII deficiency have been identified as genetic diseases in the Kumamoto sub-breed. Previously, we detected individuals in the Kumamoto sub-breed with causative alleles of genetic diseases identified in Japanese Black cattle. In the current study, 11 mutations responsible for genetic diseases in the Wagyu breeds were analyzed to evaluate the risk of genetic diseases in the Kumamoto sub-breed. Genotyping revealed the causative mutations of chondrodysplastic dwarfism, factor XI deficiency, and factor XIII deficiency and suggested the appearance of affected animals in this sub-breed. DNA testing for these diseases is needed to prevent economic loses in beef production using the Kumamoto sub-breed.

Novel heterozygous mutation in the SHOX gene leading to familial idiopathic short stature: A case report and literature review.

BACKGROUND: The pathogenic mutation of short stature homeobox (SHOX) gene is one of the main genetic causes of short stature in children, with an incidence rate of 1/1000~1/2000 and the main clinical manifestations are short stature and (or) limb skeletal abnormalities. SHOX gene mutations are mostly large deletions of regulatory sequence genes, while exon mutations are relatively rare. The pathogenic rate of mutations occurring in exon 5 is only 1/50 000~1/100 000. This study reviewed the clinical data of a child with SHOX gene mutation in exon 5, and analyzed the clinical phenotype, pathogenesis, diagnosis, treatment and prognosis of SHOX gene mutation in combination with relevant literature at home and abroad. CASE PRESENTATION: The patient was an 8-year-old girl with a height of 105.2 cm (-4.31 standard deviations). Her sitting height/height ratio was 56.8% (>55.5%), and she exhibited high-arched palate, irregular dentition, micrognathia, short fingers, and a normal growth hormone stimulation test. Whole-exome sequencing was performed, and Sanger sequencing was used for site validation. The sequencing results revealed a heterozygous mutation of c.577G > A in exon 5 of the SHOX gene, inherited from the father. The clinical symptoms of the proband were consistent with the phenotype of short stature idiopathic familial associated with SHOX gene mutations. The father, grandfather, uncle, and sister of the proband all had the c.577G > A heterozygous mutation. Therefore, the clinical diagnosis was childhood short stature caused by SHOX gene defects. The SHOX: c.577G > A mutation is likely to be the genetic etiology of familial idiopathic short stature in this family, and this novel mutation enriches the mutation spectrum of the SHOX gene. CONCLUSION: This is the first case report of familial idiopathic dwarfism caused by mutation at the c.577G > A locus of exon 5 of SHOX gene in the world. This novel mutation enriches the mutation spectrum of the SHOX gene. It is important to emphasize genetic testing, including the SHOX gene, in patients with familial idiopathic short stature and to provide timely growth hormone therapy to individuals with short stature caused by SHOX gene mutations in order to improve their adult height.